The majority of short sprinters compete in both events. The long sprint. This event requires a combination of speed, strength and tolerance for pain. The fast pace the athletes run usually results in the formation of lactic acid by the meter mark, which causes a sensation of burning and fatigue in the muscles.
It is one full lap of a standard size outdoor track. A "tweener" event. There are m specialists but athletes in this event usually either are good sprinters who can run both the m and m, or they have good endurance and can run both the m and m well. This event requires excellent natural endurance, as well as good speed for a strong finish.
It is two laps around a standard outdoor track. The "metric mile. It requires the same basic skill set with some added strength and endurance to cover the additional distance. One of the barriers is placed in front of a water pit that must also be negotiated on each lap.
Unlike the lightweight hurdles used for the hurdling events, these heavy wooden barriers will not budge if hit. Some steeplechasers hurdle the barriers cleanly, but most step on them with one foot to clear them. Steeplechasers are usually also very capable m runners. Exceptional endurance is required, as is a healthy amount of speed for the intense race to the finish line frequently seen in 5k races.
This is the longest event contested solely on the track. It is for those who have the strongest cardio-pulmonary systems capable of keeping enough oxygen flowing to the muscles while maintaining a punishing pace for 6.
An all out sprint while traversing 10 hurdles placed between the start and the finish. The men's event is 10 meters longer and the hurdles are higher. The men's event is sometimes called the high hurdles. Also known as the intermediate hurdles, this event requires the speed of a sprinter, the strength of an meter runner and the technical skill of a or meter hurdler.
This race also involves ten hurdles, but unlike the short hurdle race where runners will use the same lead leg and trail leg over each hurdle, in the intermediate hurdles they must be able to use either leg as their lead leg. Four athletes each run approximately m or one quarter of the track.
It is not just the speed of the runners, but the precision of their baton passes that determines how well the team does. Each baton exchange must be made within a marked zone on the track. Failure to exchange the baton in the zone results in disqualification. For the 4 x m, the baton pass is usually "blind" meaning that the outgoing runner does not look at the baton but extends her hand back to receive it while running close to maximum speed and facing forward.
Relay Traditionally, this is the last event contested at most track meets. Each athlete runs one full lap and exchanges the baton in a zone near the finish line. For this relay the outgoing athlete generally turns his face and watches the baton exchange. The incoming athlete, who is finishing the final meters of a tough m, is usually quite tired so the outgoing athlete has to accelerate to racing speed while being cautious not to go too fast before getting the baton.
Both race walking events are endurance events and usually contested on a road course. Race walk requires a complex physical motion involving the feet, legs, hips, back and arms. A primary rule of race walking is that at no time can both feet be in the air at the same time. Judges watch for this running motion and disqualify athletes who accidentally allow one foot to leave the ground before the other has landed.
This event requires exceptional endurance and cardiovascular ability, not only for the competitions, but also for the training involved to be successful in this event.
Long Jump. Who can jump the farthest? That is what the Long Jump boils down to. The throwing circle is made of band iron, steel or other suitable material, the top of which is flush with the ground outside or the synthetic surface or concrete surround.
The interior of the circle is constructed of concrete and must not be slippery. Further information on the construction of the throwing circle is in Section 2. Frequently discus and hammer are thrown from a combined facility. In those instances the higher standards required for hammer throwing apply to the protective cage design.
The landing sector consists of cinders or grass or other suitable material with an even surface soft enough to ensure that the place of the initial fall of the implement can be clearly established by the judges. The landing surface must not allow the implement to bounce backwards, thus creating a risk that the measuring point is obliterated.
The landing sector is laid from the middle of the circle with an angle of The length of the sector is 80m. Its angle of The hammer throw facility includes a throwing circle, a protective cage and a landing sector.
It is usually combined with the facility for discus throw. The circle for the hammer throw is slightly smaller than the discus throw. The surface finish to the concrete circle is slightly smoother for hammer throwing than for discus throwing. When a circle is used for both discus and hammer throwing a compromise finish is required. See section 2. Hammer and discus must only be thrown from an enclosure or cage to ensure the safety of spectators, officials and athletes.
Cages specified in the manual are intended for use in major stadia in high class competition when the event takes place outside the arena with spectators present or when the event takes place in the arena and other events are taking place at the same time. Simpler and smaller cages may be adequate for competition of lower standard and for well regulated training facilities.
Further information is available from section 6. The javelin throw facility includes a runway, a throwing arc and a landing sector. Since the length of the runway exceeds the space available in the segment, it is usually extended across the track and track border. It is necessary to have a removable kerb and the height of the surfaces of the oval track and the segment must be the same along the track border.
For a runway in either segment, the landing sector is located in the grass area inside the track. The runway is 30m minimum long and measured from the beginning of the runway to rear edge of the side markings outside the runway at the same level as the throwing arc. It is marked by two parallel white lines 0.
Individual nutritional goals should be purposeful, perionsalised and periodised to match the demands of the training and competition year.
Nutrition considerations include achieving adequate total intake to meet energy requirements which help to facilitate adequate recovery between sessions. Protein requirements are moderate to high 1. Adequate protein intake is required to meet protein losses due to protein resorption and to assist with hypertrophy. Hydration status is particularly important especially during the warmer months.
As throwing is a very technical event, athletes need to ensure they are euhydrated to maintain sharp concentration and focus and to minimise fatigue. Perception of effort can also be negatively influenced if an athlete is experiencing dehydration. It is particularly important for throwing athletes to consider and plan snacks and recovery food especially when moving between training sessions, which are often only a short window of travel.
This may require mini eskies, cooler bags and or insulated drink bottles — being organised and prepared ahead of time will enable the most from their training sessions. Again, organisation is the key, along with a well — practiced nutrition and hydration plan that can be executed with ease across training and competition. These are similar to training nutrition strategies; keeping in mind there is a taper period before big meets where individual requirements may not be as high.
Fuelling for the event is important, however historically, there has been a push for throwers to exceed their usual intakes more food in order to gain extra mass in the days before competition. This can make the thrower feel more uncomfortable around competition time, when they need to be sharpening up on their speed. Hydration strategies are important during competition as the throwers can be out on the field for extended periods of time and this can often be in the heat of the day.
Athletes often need to report to marshalling 45mins to 1 hour before their event, which means having a fuelling and hydration plan ready to go, including packed beverages and a pre-competition snack for the call room. Organisation is as important on competition day as well as training, especially for nervous or anxious athletes.
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