Annals, Register of Debates , Senate, 18th Cong. New York Morning News , December 27, March, 14, James K. Polk, First Annual Message, December 2, John T.
Crampton to Lord Clarendon, November 20, Rutherford B. Hayes, Special Message to the U. Senate, March 8, Cited in Edward Crapol , James G.
Cited in Kenneth J. John H. William R. Manning , ed. James W. Gantenbein , ed. Robert H. Holden and Eric Zolov , eds. New York: Oxford University Press, , xv. Other useful bibliographical resources include: J. Ruhl Bartlett , ed. The Record of American Diplomacy , 4th ed. New York: Knopf, ; K. Bemis and G. Griffin , eds. Bevans , ed. Department of State Papers. United States National Archives.
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Policy Toward Latin America After , how to respond to dissolution of the Iberian empires in the hemisphere presented American policymakers with difficult decisions. Open in new tab. The First War on Terror: Pirates of the Caribbean American regional policy had to confront the diplomatic and security threats engendered by dissolution of the Spanish American empire.
The Exception from Unilateralism: The Bidlack-Mallarino Treaty, Since the s American policymakers expressed interest in securing rights of transit for roads, railroads, or a canal over the Central American isthmus. Table 2 U. Armed Interventions in Latin America, — Open in new tab. Post—Civil War U. Discussion of the Literature American academic focus on U. Primary Sources Indispensable collections of primary sources on U.
Further Reading Bemis, Samuel Flagg. New York: Harcourt Brace and World, LaFeber, Walter. Langley, Lester D. Athens: University of Georgia Press, Leonard, Thomas M. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, Lewis, James E. Loveman, Brian. McPherson, Alan. McPherson, Alan , ed. Encyclopedia of U. Military Interventions in Latin America. Nugent, Walter. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, Schoultz, Lars.
Policy toward Latin America. Schurbutt, T. Ray , ed. Smith, Peter. New York: Oxford University Press, But few policy changes are forthcoming.
Both Congress and the administration are in a reactive mode—responding to crises as they occur without long-term planning or solutions. As long as migration surges continue on our southern border, that issue will dominate the policy arena. An agenda that seeks to increase economic flows will have to wait until the second half of the Biden term and then will concentrate on the European Union, the United Kingdom and re-entry into the abandoned Trans-Pacific Partnership TPP.
The Western Hemisphere will have to wait. Despite the tragic and deepening humanitarian and political crises in the two nations, neither was on the radar screen of U. Biden has not yet done much to reverse the growing distance between United States and Latin America. Congressional voices have had little impact on White House policy in Latin America, that is except for the few powerful senators who have kept intact Trump-era sanctions on Cuba.
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Bibliography Arnson, Cynthia and Michael T. Please Consider Donating Before you download your free e-book, please consider donating to support open access publishing. Download PDF. After all, a decision was made to maintain the presidential system as demanded by the existing Sarney Administration and set the term of office of the next president at five years.
During the process, confrontation between the ruling Brazilian Democratic Movement Party and the Liberal Front Party deepened over a new constitution draft, economic and financial policies and other matters, and the political situation remained extremely fluid because of a weak foundation of the existing administration.
Finance Minister Funaro, who took a policy line opposing IMF over the issue of external debt, resigned, replaced by Mr. After the government changed, its policy for promoting international cooperation, its debt negotiations with an international consortium of commercial banks are making progress gradually. Amid the growing public voice calling for democratization of PRI boasting of overwhelming power, former Planning and Budget Minister Salinas was nominated following a new process in which the plural names of six persons as preliminary candidates were announced in advance of selection for the first time in its history.
His nomination is believed to have been based on the government position to attach importance to continuity of its economic policies. A presidential election was held in June , and Mr. Salinas was elected. In its foreign policy, attention should be given to the fact that Mexico began to attach more importance to cooperation with the United States. In the domestic economy, the rate of inflation in hit a record high of In a bid to arrest inflation, the government announced in December , an economic policy called "An economic solidarity accord" calling, among other things, for pegged public utility charges and a cut in financial expenditures.
As for the debt problem, a new approach was introduced to reduce the debt burden, and capitalizing on the largest-ever foreign currency reserve, the government issued in March , capital-guaranteed national bonds secured on U. In April , some servicemen occupied military facilities over treatment of servicemen in a human rights infringement trial. But the incident was settled peacefully, and the democratic system in Argentina seems to be taking root. On the other hand, in elections held in September , the ruling Radical Union Party was defeated against the background of the deteriorating economic situation.
In the economic aspect, the government is trying to make various structural reforms to cope with the difficult situation involving rekindling of an inflationary trend. And, the foreign currency situation is getting more severe due to a decreasing trade surplus, causing fear about the nation's continuance of interest payment for its external debts.
On February 26, , Panama saw a change of political power touched off by dismissal of President Delvalle by the Commander of the Defense Forces, Gen. Noriega, after the Panamanian Parliament removed President Delvalle from office, the Solis Administration was inaugurated. The United States did not recognize the change of power as it wishes to see progress of democratization of Panama with return of the Panama Canal expected to take place at the end of the century.
And, it took economic sanctions against Panama in a bid to see the retirement and departure from the country of Gen.
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