A nameless woman who died in Rakhigarhi, a settlement in Haryana of antiquity, and an ancestor of the Harappan civilisation, would never have guessed that she would be the centre of a debate 4, years later.
When the earth gives up its secrets, ghosts of dead cultures rise to question the beliefs of centuries. Subsequently, these speaking Aryans composed the Vedas. Long suppressed by Left-leaning academia and Marxist historians who had been drafting the syllabus of the past for seven decades, Hindutva scholars are on a Swachh Bharat History Mission using classical, anthropological and archaeological evidence to refute the invasion doctrine; sometimes even wandering into the misty miasma of mythology to prove a point.
Indic is the new buzzword in the narrative of the Indian right, a broad linguistic umbrella that brings together all Indo-Aryan and Asian languages and scripts, arithmetic and Dharmic faiths. Cambridge University geneticist Toomas Kivisild notes that researchers of mitochondrial DNA lineages found that the deviations in the common Eurasian gene pool occurred around 50, years ago when migrations were rampant across Europe and Asia.
There is no evidence of a significant genetic explosion since then. In the sophisticated Indus Valley cities, where oceanic trade and commerce thrived, excavators found skeletons belonging to different races such as Proto-Australoid, Alpine, Mediterranean and Mongoloid. Archeological Survey of India excavations since the s reveal a sophisticated extensive urban settlement that was extant 70 centuries ago. The reborn Indian existential question of identity—native or imported—has set off a furious debate on colonialism, racism and religion.
Previously, Sanjay Dixit, a bureaucrat, author and chairman of the right-wing Jaipur Dialogue think tank, had announced a prize of Rs 15 lakh to anyone who could prove the AIT or AMT, as anthropologists call it. There were no takers. Imperials play race politics AIT is originally a British precept, which propagated the existence of a master race, which rode across the Indus River and conquered pastoral civilisations in Harappa and Mohenjodaro.
Textbooks taught generations of children that Indian civilisation is the result of the migration of Anatolian and Iranian farmers; ancestors from the steppes who spoke the patois of Indo-European languages. Colonial caste classification had relegated Dravidians as Shudras with the Aryans forming the three upper castes. However, there is no such evidence of an invasion in either Indian literature or tradition. So what is all the fuss about? Archaeologists say Indo-Aryan migration into northern Punjab started only after the decline of the IVC around 1, BC probably due to climate change and flooding, and not an Aryan invasion.
This was also when a second migration occurred from the Indus belt. Company starts faith propaganda If history is written by the victors, geography is decided by rulers. Every invader, who has intruded into other countries and established empires, has depended on the hyperbole of racial and cultural superiority.
Islamic invaders who subjugated wealthy Indian kingdoms through fire and sword called Hindus idolaters and therefore primitive. The British were no different. Though the Nawab of Bengal was defeated at Plassey by Robert Clive, the earlier years of the Company had spawned the genus of Indophile Englishmen—whites who had gone native by adopting Indian ways, studying Indian languages and culture as superior to their own.
The Mutiny changed that eclectic sociography. The British martially cracked down on Indian kings, promulgated unfair succession laws and established a governance system based on racial and religious lines. The missionaries who came after brought in rigid Victorian social values, which are unfortunately being practised by conservative Hindus even today.
Lord Macaulay decided that conversion was the best means to master India. This needed collaborators; upper-caste Indians with English education. The effect of this education on the Hindus is prodigious. It is my belief that if our plans of education are followed up, there will not be a single idolater among the respectable classes in Bengal 30 years hence. Int J Hum Genet, 13 3 : Y-Chromosome evidence of an African origin of Dravidian agriculture.
International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology, 2 3 : — Archaeological and anthropological investigations have helped to formulate two main theories to account for the origin of the populations in the Tarim Basin.
These contrasting models can be tested using DNA recovered from archaeological bones. Xiaohe cemetery contains the oldest and best-preserved mummies so far discovered in the Tarim Basin, possible those of the earliest people to settle the region. Genetic analysis of these mummies can provide data to elucidate the affinities of the earliest inhabitants.
Though Hg R1a1a is found at highest frequency in both Europe and South Asia, Xiaohe R1a1a more likely originate from Europe because of it not belong to R1a1a-Z93 branch our recently unpublished data which mainly found in Asians. Though H, K, C4 also presence in modern south Asian, they immigrated into South Asian recently from nearby populations, such as Near East , East Asia and Central Asia, and the frequency is obviously lower than that of northern Eurasian.
Furthermore, all of the shared sequences of the Xiaohe haplotypes H and C4 were distributed in northern Eurasians. Haplotype in Xiaohe people was shared by Indian. Moreover, the culture of Xiaohe is similar with the Afanasievo culture. In addition, our data was misunderstand by Clyde Winters.
Firstly, the human remains of the Xiaohe site have no relation with the Loulan mummy. The Xiaohe site and Loulan site are two different archaeological sites with km distances. Xiaohe site, radiocarbon dated ranging from to years before present, was a Bronze Age site, and Loulan site, dated to about years before present.
Thirdly, the origin of Xiaohe people in here means tracing the most recently common ancestor, and Africans were remote ancestor of modern people.
Hui Zhou suggest that the origin of the Xiaohe mummies are of Indo-European origin. Yet now Hui says the Xiaohe was similar to the Afanaseivo culture. There is no archaeological or genetic evidence linking the Xiaohe and Afanaseivo cultures. The Afanaseivo culture is characterized by chariots, pottery, timber chamber and rectangular stone enclosure burials, inhumation and creamation. The Afanasievo culture never reached the Tarim Basin. The Xiaohe and Afanaseivo cultures are incongruent.
The Xiaohe culture lacked pottery, but include huge phallus posts, coffins and mummies. Dravidians are Caucasians. Indra Putri Chang. Published: Apr 29, AM. Read more from this author :. Read more like this :. Most Read. There were other theories as well. Linguistics is regarded as a science by some many others may disagree , but it has inherent limitations as compared to other, more rigorous scientific disciplines. Theories based on linguistics are open to interpretations.
Linguistics-driven historians, instead of conducting public and scholarly debates, indulge in name-calling. Insults are thrown freely. Linguistics, due to its nature, may open the field to contradictory opinions, but fortunately there are other scientific disciplines to evaluate the AIT issue. Invaders tend to leave a trail of destruction. Unfortunately for AIT proponents, there is little credible archaeological evidence for a violent invasion 3, years ago.
Seeing the sands shift, some proponents of AIT pirouetted and propounded a new Aryan Migration Theory AMT , ie the so-called Aryans migrated peacefully into India and most of the so-called Dravidians of the heavily-populated Indus civilisation moved south.
Which would show up in genetic records? Unfortunately for the now AMT proponents, genetic science disproves this hypothesis. Most major papers on Indian genetics published in scientific journals like Nature and American Journal of Human Genetics over the last few years agree on one thing: There was no significant addition to the Indian gene pool 3, years ago! It was such a small band that they do not show up in any archaeological or genetic records at all!
And this tiny group did not indulge in mass violence. But somehow, these mythical supermen managed to, peacefully, convince the far more populous, advanced and urbane Dravidians to migrate en masse to south India.
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